Are Quality of Randomized Clinical Trials and ESMO-Magnitude of Clinical Benefit Scale Two Sides of the Same Coin, to Grade Recommendations for Drug Approval?
- The approval of new cancer drugs by the FDA and EMA is primarily based on positive results from well-designed randomized phase III clinical trials (RCTs).
- Not all RCTs are analyzed to support drug approval recommendations, highlighting the need for scales to evaluate RCT quality and clinical benefits.
- Progression-free survival (PFS) is a key endpoint in RCTs and its concordance with overall survival (OS) is used to assess trial quality.
- Scales like the American Society of Clinical Oncology Value Framework (ASCO-VF-NHB16) and the European Society for Medical Oncology Magnitude of Clinical Benefit Scale (ESMO-MCBS) are used to evaluate clinical benefits.
- The review focuses on metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC) and the comparison between the ASCO and ESMO scales.
- Proposals are made for definitions aimed at improving the evaluation of RCT quality, the magnitude of clinical benefit, and the approval process for new oncology drugs.
The Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) was published in 2001 by non-oncologic societies and later endorsed by the US Food and Drug Administration. A simplified GRADE adaptation scale offered two grades of recommendation: strong and weak. GRADE has been used by the European Association for the Study of the Liver (EASL) in hepatocellular carcinoma to evaluate clinical recommendations. Other oncologic societies such as ESMO used a different grading system to grade clinical recommendations in metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC). Despite it, the levels of evidence in all these grading systems have important weaknesses to adequately interpret the whole-body of evidence in medical oncology. First, terms such as large, randomized trials and with good quality methodology introduce confusion if we do not objectively define the concept of large and good quality methodology. Second, not all randomized clinical trials (RCTs) are analyzed to support recommendations. In addition, different RCTs could have contradictory results, which are tough to analyze. Third, prospective observational studies are ranked below small, randomized trials or large randomized clinical trials with bias suspicion or just missed in other grading classifications . It is important to acknowledge that methodology for causal inference from real-world data has evolved substantially in the last years . Therefore, the strength of evidence should be drawn from a comprehensive literature review and a careful evaluation of the study design, analysis, and interpretation, both in RCTs and in real-world data studies.
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